Who has final authority over the operation of an aircraft in flight, and can they deviate from FAA rules in an emergency? Answer in under 100 words.
Details / How it works
Under 14 CFR § 91.3(a), the pilot in command of an aircraft (including airplanes, helicopters, and other civil aircraft operating under Part 91) is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft — superseding other crew members and passengers. Per § 91.3(b), when an in-flight emergency occurs requiring immediate action, the PIC may deviate from any rule of 14 CFR Part 91 to the extent required to meet that emergency, whether or not the emergency was foreseeable.
Numbers & thresholds
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Reporting trigger | Only when formally requested by the FAA Administrator |
| OMB control number for the report | 2120-0005 |
The written deviation report must include the nature of the emergency, the specific rule(s) deviated from, the duration and extent of deviation, actions taken, and the outcome.
Exceptions & edge cases
The deviation authority applies only to rules within 14 CFR Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules), not to regulations outside that part. The reporting obligation is conditional: no report is required unless the FAA Administrator or an authorized representative (e.g., an FAA inspector or the Flight Standards District Office) formally requests one. The requirement itself is governed by Paperwork Reduction Act compliance.
Sources
- [1]U.S. National Archives, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations — 14 CFR 91.3 — Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command · as of 2026-08-26
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